Essay on the Freedom of the Press Essay

The Press, as identified with Newspapers, wields immense power in a democratic society. Dickens has called the Press â€Å"the mighty engine†. So great is its influence that some have called it the Fourth Estate. Napoleon used to say— â€Å"Your hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.† For, the press forms opinions, shapes movements and controls policies through well-informed criti ­cism. The most powerful autocrat is forced to take note of public opinion as reflected in a free press. That is why a regimented press is the instrument of autocracy, and a dictator deprives the press of its freedom. A free press is the symbol of a free people. An independent, well-informed press is a powerful check on arbitrary governments and irresponsible administrators. For newspapers are agents of the public, which bring to the notice of the people acts of injustice or oppression, or mal-administration that would otherwise have remained hidden away fr om public knowledge. They augur misgovernment at a distance and sniff the approach of tyranny in every tainted breeze’ (Burke). They exercise a constant vigilance on the rulers, which is salutary for all. Nowadays it is difficult for the press to be free. Either a newspaper is controlled by some financial magnates entirely and it has to voice their views or it is the mouthpiece of a party, and it must think as the party might direct; or it is under the thumb of the government and in that case its usefulness is reduced and independence compromised. For whoever controls it, necessarily limits its freedom by his own interests, i.e. calls the tune. In America, the great newspapers are in the bands of powerful financial syndicates; in England, they are in the hands of capitalists; in Russia they are mostly controlled by the government. But freedom of the press in each case depends on the way it reflects the will, the purpose of the people as a whole, in preference to that of any class or community or individual. The illusory or unrealistic character of the freedom of the press was seen during Great War. It is in such times of crisis that the voice of the people should be most clearly heard and not muffled. Yet it is then that newspapers are completely gagged. Most of these abuses might be checked to the advantage of all concerned, if the newspapers have freedom to criticise authorities and ventilate grievances. Indeed, no government can stifle the voice of the people but at  its own peril. The problem, therefore, is—how to ensure freedom of the newspaper. Legislation, of course, should guarantee the press against interference by the government; this goes without saying- But something more is necessary. The press under no circumstances should be forced to disclose the source of information or will be subservient to the government. But enjoins enjoys a corresponding duty on the part of the Press—that it should maintain strictly honest journalism and should not give any garbled report or prejudicial account. Independent-minded editors should have the right to ft free expression of opinions and unhampered publication of news, subject only to the limitation that they do not publish abuse and keep within the bounds of decorum. But real freedom of the press can exist only where a free people can function freely as in true democracy. It may be asked, why do we say there is no freedom of the press in England or America or India. The reason is that in these countries, the common people are in economic bondage. Governments are ruled by th e power of money and the press is controlled by owners in the interests of Big Business. In is, therefore, rightly claimed that in a Socialist country as the people become economically free, the government acquires an increasingly representative character. The journalists then can write freely and fearlessly. The best way to ensure freedom of the press is to publish all news from accredited sources, to allow free ventilation of opinion, to do away with all controls except in the interest of public safety or welfare. Freedom of the press should be a valued privilege and has to be safeguarded. It is a sacred right, which should be zealously promoted. Governments owe it to themselves to guarantee it from all arbitrary interference. Editors owe it to the public to maintain an honest and fearless attitude in favour of the people, against party or class interests. And the people owe it to their country to demand and defend such freedom as a priceless heritage.

Assignment Marketing Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Research - Assignment Example Qualitative technique seeks to exemplify attitudes concerning behavior posed by consumers. Credits depicted by this technique include intense scrutiny incorporated during research. Unlike quantitative, it focuses on value instead of statistical facts (Katsirikou & Skiadas: 2010, pp. 27). This encompassed digging deeply to unveil perceptions encompassed by consumers. In-depth analysis occurs by execution of interviews performed at individual stages. The interviews demand exhaustive information because consumers explicate themselves. The interviews depict no time limits and thus customers entail chances to offer explanations concerning their behavior. Therefore, qualitative technique clinches the tribute of gathering detailed information. Detailed information entails negligible loopholes because it equips the researcher with satisfactory knowledge. Consequently, sufficient knowledge culminates to the researcher drawing sound conclusions concerning their study. Interviews conducted resu lt to rich knowledge concerning consumer mannerisms. Qualitative technique thus entails illuminations of a dependable method. Under this technique, there encompasses various approaches towards gathering rightful information involving the customer’s. The interviews depict liberated forums where consumers would articulate themselves without panic of intimidation. In addition, the technique presents contact with the clientele. This methodology thus offers a personal touch, hence urging consumers to air their feelings eloquently (Tadic & Mamic: 2011, pp. 280). In addition, incorporation of focus groups eminent in qualitative technique presents a reliable approach. This gains explanations from the information that these groups involve experts who seek digging for information by discussing. Observational technique depicts another qualitative technique. The method entails the advantage of being economical.

Harriet Tubman- the most respected personalitie of the 19th century Essay

Harriet Tubman- the most respected personalitie of the 19th century - Essay Example Harriet Tubman began working as an underground rail operator around 1850; this was immediately after the death of Edward Brodess in 1849. The death of Brodess left Tubman and the remaining members of her family at risk of being sold so as to settle some of her master’s debts. She ran away to freedom and found her way through the Underground Railroad to Philadelphia. In Philadelphia, she began working as a domestic help in saving some of the money she was being paid with the aim of saving her family members from slavery. The Underground Railroad was not a real railroad but a way for slaves to escape to freedom in the north. She was an operator or a conductor (Bradford ). These are the people who helped the slaves run away to freedom. These conductors showed the slaves where to hide so that the slave-hunters could not get them. They also got the food to eat and clothing before they got an alternative source of income.  She worked hard to save money for the intended trip home. Immediately the money was enough she left her job to free her sister.  ... She ran away to freedom and found her way through the Underground Railroad to Philadelphia. In Philadelphia she began working as a domestic help in saving some of the money she was being paid with the aim of saving her family members from slavery. The Underground Railroad was not a real rail road but a way for slaves to escape to freedom in the north. She was an operator or a conductor (Bradfrod ). These are the people who helped the slaves run away to freedom. These conductors showed the slaves where to hide so that the slave hunters could not get them. They also got them food to eat and clothing before they got an alternative source of income. Tubman initial aim was to get her family to liberty after she had freed herself to Philadelphia. She worked hard to save money for the intended trip home. Immediately the money was enough she left her job to free her sister. This is where her work began that later gave her the recognition that she has had until today. Tubman felt bad about th e suffering experienced by her family, friends and relatives in the hands of their masters. In the process of freeing her sister she decided to include others on the first trip (Sernett 20-50). She managed to save her family including her father, mother, brothers and sisters, cousins and nephews. It is estimated that she made between eleven to thirteen trips saving and protecting many slaves from masters and slave hunters. The many trips to free slaves made her famous for her work at the same time risking her life. At one moment the slave hunters grew tired of her activities and in decided to offer an award worth $ 40000 to anyone who would bring them Tubman. This did not deter her in her endeavor to

Restriction of Media Coverage during Wars Essay

Restriction of Media Coverage during Wars - Essay Example The objective of the newspapers limited access is to confirm that journalists spread reports that have only achievement tales and at the same time bypass graphic tales of huge death on the front line that might sway masses attitude harmfully. Another foremost cause was to bypass describing perceptive data that might threaten inhabits of armies on the front line.   Mediating Role of the Media In the overhead unfastening extract, Taylor ascertained the function of the newspapers in endowing the general masses to "take a front chair at the producing of archives on the shirt-tails of journalism" (p.99). The masses, thus, become history's observers - albeit digressive participants - through the newspapers with their stories. Taylor furthermore distinguishes tales from two assemblies of journalists: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tones who are at the front line, encompassing a focused occupation - conflict correspondents - experiencing anything is taking location in the front line for exa mple dodgy methods taking place there and unchanging interaction with the equipped forces. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   News analysts and columnists who through comprehensive investigation of the new stories from the area, complemented with outlooks from political establishment, as well as the masses attitude at home. These journalists manage not have direct know-how at the front line but, as we will glimpse subsequently, they have a large-scale function to play in a position of tough newspapers get access to limits in the conflict area.-- This significant function of mediating data to the masses is leveraged by several components that furthermore sway value to data that comes to the masses. These components encompass the following: -  Ã‚   Journalists are... Prior to the last century accounts from the front lines came from the so-called area agents who were a component of the infantry personnel. They made accounts for mastication as an authorized documentation about happenings taking place at the front line. Nevertheless, these accounts were typically intended for government misinformation other than conceived as data for masses use. Moreover, in their hard work to maintain masses support for the conflict effort, authorities have since the World War 1 conceived organizations that would likely maneuver newspapers accounts coming to the masses from the front line. They have furthermore made certain that the refuted journalists get access to the assault localities that were distinguished by pictures of wounds, damages, and fatalities. nonetheless, the statement that if the masses are given the full image of the conflict position on the front line they will stop to support conflict effort is a myth because occasionally the masses carry the c onflict in the triumphant nations regardless of critical damages, post-battle deficiency, and other repercussions. The manipulation schemes encompass well-designed authorized misinformation appliance in an effort to restructure the expanse amid the front line and the masses.

Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Engineering - Research Paper Example It is essential that appliances which were introduced earlier (with usage of old technologies), prevail in energy consumption distribution; see Table above. For instance, energy consumption of the light bulbs, the kettle, and the electric oven takes over than 50% of total energy consumption. Simultaneously, usage of notebook, TV, and CD/DVD player takes less than 10% of total energy consumption in the household. Then, introducing of numerous appliances with high power inputs reflects in ecology due to necessity to make more electric power stations. It is essential that energy consumption can be reduced significantly without compromising human needs. There are several means to reduce adverse effects of usage of appliances with high energy consumption. First step is in limited usage of such appliances, e.g. switching-off non used light bulbs, unplugging seldom-used appliances and chargers for cell phone and other personal gadgets, setting computer to "sleep mode" or "hibernate mode", etc. Next step is more radical. This is replacement of appliances with high power inputs by equivalent appliances with less power inputs. For instance, replacement of old CRT monitor or TV by new TFT monitor or TV panel can significantly reduce energy consumption because these appliances are often used. ... However, these appliances need for enormous power supply and engineering support of appropriate infrastructure. It is essential that appliances which were introduced earlier (with usage of old technologies), prevail in energy consumption distribution; see Table above. For instance, energy consumption of the light bulbs, the kettle, and the electric oven takes over than 50% of total energy consumption. Simultaneously, usage of notebook, TV, and CD/DVD player takes less than 10% of total energy consumption in the household. Then, introducing of numerous appliances with high power inputs reflects in ecology due to necessity to make more electric power stations. 3. How to save energy in the household It is essential that energy consumption can be reduced significantly without compromising human needs. There are several means to reduce adverse effects of usage of appliances with high energy consumption. First step is in limited usage of such appliances, e.g. switching-off non used light bulbs, unplugging seldom-used appliances and chargers for cell phone and other personal gadgets, setting computer to "sleep mode" or "hibernate mode", etc. Next step is more radical. This is replacement of appliances with high power inputs by equivalent appliances with less power inputs. For instance, replacement of old CRT monitor or TV by new TFT monitor or TV panel can significantly reduce energy consumption because these appliances are often used. Replacement of standard light bulbs (100W) by low-energy fluorescent bulbs (less than 20W) is another example of such strategy. Many of new appliances use half the energy of those from decade ago. It is necessary to note that usually new appliances ar e more ergonomic and safe. Finally, there are

Discounted and non-discounted cash flow techniques Essay

Discounted and non-discounted cash flow techniques - Essay Example This report aims at appraising four different projects on the basis of both discounted and non-discounted cash flow techniques. After the relevant computations, one project will be advised to be acceptedThis report also highlights the projects appraisal techniques in detail such that every technique will be discussed and its strengths and weaknesses will be elaborated. One by one every project will be considered for appraisal and its relevant computations will be provided in the appendix. The decision as to which project is to be accepted lies basically on two broader grounds namely as financial and non-financial. Here the financial grounds are discussed such that financial grounds itself can be bifurcated on two basis which are discounted cash flow techniques and non-discounted cash flow techniques. The discounted cash flow techniques have both the absolute and relative techniques. The most popular absolute technique is Net Present Value (NPV) technique which has also been used in t his current analysis. The relative discounted cash flow techniques may have various forms in which the famous ones are Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Profitability Index (PI). On the other hand, the non-discounted cash flow techniques consist of Payback Period, Urgency and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR). Discounted Cash Flow Techniques In this particular analysis, NPV, IRR and PI are used as discounted cash flow techniques to appraise the project whereas only Payback is used as non-discounted cash flow technique as other techniques cannot be used because the non-availability of the relevant data. The following discussion contains detailed explanation of discounted cash flow techniques. Net Present Value Net Present Value technique is the most famous project appraisal technique such that it explains the benefits of the project in an absolute financial sense. This technique provides an absolute figure as how much the project would earn given in its project life. This technique wor ks on the basis of discounting such that cash out flows and flows are discounted through an appropriate discount rate which is generally the weighted average cost of capital. In the way, the present value of all cash outflows and inflows are computed and then all the present values are summed up to obtain the Net Present Value of the project. Strengths The strength of this technique is that it provides an absolute amount which reflects the overall benefits that the project can provide now. This technique is also quite simple to calculate and quite easy to understand. Weaknesses The weaknesses include that the NPV of a particular project can exactly be equal to another project but both the projects may have significant differences in the magnitude of the cash flows. Another weakness of the technique is that it is based on the future expectations such that cash flows are projected with judgment. In case if the economic and financial situation changes, then the actual results may vary significantly from the estimates NPV. Comprehensive financial knowledge is also required to compute the NPV especially in those projects where tax implications have the key impact upon the generation of cash flows. Internal Rate of Return This discounted cash flow technique is also quite popular among the financial analyst such that it works on the basis of NPV. Internal Rate of Return is that rate at which the Net Present Value of a project becomes zero. This means that if the IRR is used as a discount rate instead of WACC which can produce a nil NPV. Hence if IRR exceeds than WACC, then the project can produce positive NPV. However, if IRR remains lower than WACC then NPV would also remain in a negative zone. Strengths The biggest strength of IRR is that it is a relative measure and a comparable one. It is also easier to understand the logic that works behind it. The interpretation of IRR is quite easy and this technique is also quite consistent with the objective of maximizing th e wealth of shareholders. Weaknesses There are many drawbacks of this

Women and poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and poverty - Essay Example With the poverty levels in women growing at a faster rate than those of men, different authors have sought to look for alternatives to solving the problem. With the governmental agencies seemingly relaxing on addressing the issue, it remains the efforts of researchers to provide the solution to the problem. In Canada, Burkhauser and Sabia seek to offer solutions with the intention of minimizing the high poverty levels among women by bridging the wage gap between men and women. They observe that only men occupy big jobs in organizations, with women assuming the role of support personnel. Although more women now have jobs, the fact that they do not occupy large positions in these firms contributes to the wide poverty gap. According to them, the best way of solving the problem of high poverty levels in women is through increasing the minimum wage levels among women in the society. They argue that despite the fact that people work in big organizations, they have low incomes, which when p assed over to the family, creates a vicious cycle of poverty in the society. The journal addresses on the means available to reduce the level of poverty. While other articles propose on the means of reducing the level of poverty among women in the society, this particular article offers guidelines on how raising the minimum wage levels for women as the most significant solution to the problem. The government, while addressing the problem of poverty in Canada, have even influenced the politics of neoliberalism in Canada.... With the governmental agencies seemingly relaxing on addressing the issue, it remains the efforts of researchers to provide solution to the problem. In Canada, Burkhauser and Sabia seek to offer solutions with the intention of minimizing the high poverty levels among women by bridging the wage gap between men and women. They observe that only men occupy big jobs in organizations, with women assuming the role of support personnel. Although more women now have jobs, the fact that they do not occupy large positions in these firms contributes to the wide poverty gap. According to them, the best way of solving the problem of high poverty levels in women is through increasing the minimum wage levels among women in the society. They argue that despite the fact that people work in big organizations, they have low incomes, which when passed over to the family, creates a vicious cycle of poverty in the society. The journal addresses on the means available to reduce the level of poverty among t he women in the society. While other articles propose on the means of reducing the level of poverty among women in the society, this particular article offers guidelines on how raising the minimum wage levels for women as the most significant solution to the problem. Coulter, Kendra. â€Å"Women, Poverty Policy, and the Production of Neoliberal Politics in Ontario, Canada.† Journal of Women, Politics & Policy (2009): 30.1. Print. The government, while addressing the problem of poverty in Canada, have even influenced the politics of neo-liberalism in Canada. Coulter (24) observes, â€Å"In confronting inadequate social policies and the political terrain on which the policies exist, these women exposed the difficulties of challenging both neoliberal policy and political