Michael J. Fox And Parkinson s Disease Essay - 1288 Words

Milestone one: Michael J. Fox and Parkinson’s disease Michael J. Fox was born on June 9th 1961 in Edmonton, the capital of the Canadian providence, Alberta. Fox moved many times throughout his childhood due his father, William Fox, being in the military. Eventually Fox’s family ended up in Burnaby, British Columbia, where they established a permanent residence. (Michael J. Fox Foundation) At the young age of 15, Fox made his debut on television starring on CBC in a show known as â€Å"Leo and Me.† By the time he had turned 18 he had moved to Los Angeles; it wasn’t until 1982 when he landed his big break and began starring on the well-known show Family Ties where he remained until 1989. In 1988 Fox married his co-star, Tracy Pollan. (Michael J. Fox Foundation) Together they have four children. As the years progressed Fox became an international film, winning three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe. In 1991 Fox was diagnosed with early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD), he did not reveal his diagnosis to the public until 1998. (Michael J. Fox Foundation) Parkinson’s disease is complex neuro-degenerative disease and is considered idiopathic with only a small percentage of cases considered genetically linked. Diagnosis is based solely on a patient’s history, age, and clinical manifestations. Early-onset Parkinson’s varies from idiopathi c Parkinson’s in that there is a mutation in the Parkin gene. Pathophysiology can be defined as the physiology of abnormal cells and theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Advances in Parkinson’s Disease1345 Words   |  6 Pagesall affected by one disease (Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, Statistics). That disease is Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s takes away little things like movement that many of us take for granted. Lives are changed because of Parkinson’s, but there is hope. Through medical breakthroughs discovered in recent years, my grandpa and many others suffering from Parkinson’s disease have a chance at a better life. History of Parkinson’s Disease Signs or symptoms of Parkinson’s disease have been recordedRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Progressive Loss Of Functioning Of The Brain1361 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive loss of functioning of the brain that results in stiffness, trembling and loss of fine motor control. This disease mainly affects the neurons in the particular area called the substantia nigra with a total loss of dopamine, the absence of these dopamine-producing cells causes the loss of the brain’s ability to control the body movements progressively (Parkinson’s disease, 2016). Parkinson’s disease is very common, with about 70000 Australians asRead MoreStem Research : Stem Cell Research1692 Words   |  7 Pagesthis sort of examination continues advancing, as citizens, we will in all likely need to vote on it. It influences the majority of our lives, in many different ways. A large portion of us knows at least one individual with diabetes, Alzheimer s, or Parkinson s. Perhaps, sadly, you may confront one of these illnesses eventually in your life. It is essential to think about issues like stem cell research , which c an help many people all over the world. Stem cell research is turning into an issue thatRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Progressive Movement Disorder Of The Central Nervous System895 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson s disease is a chronic progressive movement disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and Parkinson’s like gait (leaning forward, small fast pace steps, shuffling, etc.). Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of nerve cells in the brain, entitled neurons. Although damage can be spread about, it primarily affects neuronsRead MoreParkinson s Disease : Disease1494 Words   |  6 PagesPARKINSON’S DISEASE INTRODUCTION: If you eat unhealthy, fatty foods your whole life, you have a higher risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or arteriosclerosis. If you have unprotected sex, you may contract a sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, or HIV/AIDS. But, Parkinson’s doesn’t racially discriminate, nor does it care if someone is wealthy, poor, educated, non-educated, male or female. Anyone can develop Parkinson’s disease. The disease begins inRead MoreParkinson s Disease And Its Effects1299 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease An estimated eight million people are living worldwide with Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinson’s is a disease where the nerve cells, called neurons die in your brain. These neurons that die produce a brain chemical, dopamine which is a neurotransmitter. As the neurons die or become damaged the lack of dopamine creates the symptoms and disease. The neurons that die are located in your Substantia Nigra in the brain. The nerve cell affects your entire nervous system. The neurons transmitRead MoreParkinson s Disease And Its Effects1810 Words   |  8 PagesParkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder that affects the movements and nervous system of the body. Parkinson’s starts out slow and continues to worsen over time. It is estimated that one million people in the United States alone are struggling with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a very hard disease to live with day by day. It can make simple fine motor skills a difficult task such as, buttoning your pants, eating a slice of pizza, or even turning a door handle. It affects aboutRead MoreMorality And Money : Stem Cell Research990 Words   |  4 Pagesperforming stem cell research, and the voting public should not allow this to happen by selecting a candidate who unequivocally supports human embryonic stem cell research. Stem cells have been isolated and used for decades to treat a variety of diseases. Since 1968, bone marrow transplants have been performed because the stem cells found in the marrow stimulate the creation of healthy cells, which combat and hopefully eradicate diseased cells (Chen, et al). The reason scientists initially had soRead MoreA Look At Parkinson s Disease2700 Words   |  11 PagesA look at Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Two other names for PD are shaking palsy and Paralysis agitans. Parkinson’s disease is initiated when the cells in the brain that produce dopamine die over time. Dopamine is a brain chemical used by nerve cells that helps to control the body s muscle movement. Without those brain cells and the dopamine they produce, it becomes increasingly more difficult for the cells that controlRead MoreThe Severity Of Parkinson s Disease1810 Words   |  8 PagesMuhamad Ali, Michael J. Fox, and Linda Ronstadt are just a few celebrities that have been diagnosed with a disease called Parkinson’s. Most people have heard the name of this disease but do not exactly know what it is. Although it is not well known, it is a very common neurodegenerative disease. Much of the information about Parkinson’s is not prominent, although the disease is the second most common of its kind, next to A lzheimer’s (Surguchov, 2013, p.116). The disease can be debilitating if not

Department Of Homeland Security Is America Safer

Department of Homeland Security: Is America Safer? Introduction The congress’s oversight of the homeland security has been under constant criticism for failing to achieve its goals. Critics of this system state that this arrangement is overbearing and disjointed thus reducing its efficiency. Often times, there is wastage of resources, conflicting decisions, and ineffective oversight owing to the vast committees and congressional members that are mandated to control homeland security (Reese). To make the United States safer, Congress should relinquish some oversight of the Department of Homeland Security to lower leaders because the threats evolve too quickly, leaders devote unnecessary amounts of time to oversight committees and prevent progress in maintaining security. The Homeland Security The homeland security is a department responsible for developing various mechanisms aimed at ensuring that the country is safe. The main focus of homeland security is to shield or reduce the cases of terror attacks. The prevention and response to both manmade and natural disasters also fall under homeland security (McElreath, Jensen, and Wigginton, 10). The Department of Homeland Security, therefore, has a broad range of responsibilities. At its formation in 2003, the department was composed of twenty-two federal agencies with over 180,000 employees. Homeland security’s formation was necessitated by the September 11th attacks in United States. Today, the Department of Homeland SecurityShow MoreRelatedAftermath of 9/11; Congress Acts Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesW. Bush, was left with a difficult task on how to deal with this threat and possible future threats. He worked with Congress to come up with multiple measures they could implement to prevent future events of terroris m. In the documentary â€Å"Are We Safer†, Richard Clarke is the former counter-terrorism czar and said in an interview that â€Å"President Bush said to us in the basement of the White House on the night of 9/11, ‘You have everything you need’â€Å" (Clarke). It was a desperate time for the nationalRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Made Us Safer1433 Words   |  6 Pages Has the Department of Homeland Security Made Us Safer? As one of the greatest power houses in the world, the United States has attempted to keep warfare on foreign soil rather than stateside. Doing so was a lot easier when war was fought between two different countries, but nowadays, the main source of conflict around the world comes from small bands of people who reside, not in one country or place, but spread throughout the world. Traditionally military servicemen would wear some type of camouflageRead MoreU.s. Security Since 9111368 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. Security Since 911 By Travis Bublitz LA 11 Quarter 3 online May 2015 Then They Were Gone. The twin towers turn into a pile of ash and rubble after two planes disintegrate in the center of both towers. People were running every were to get to out of the ash and smoke fire fighters running in while everyone is running out many not making it back out. From this day on nothing has been the same the people were devastated that it happened and cried out for better security in ourRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Act1165 Words   |  5 Pages When one thinks of security, they tend to think of being protected, free from harm or danger. There are various security threats that the world faces today. Threats could range from a series of cyber threats to terrorist attacks. We are incessantly encountered with catastrophic man-made and natural diseases. The Department of Homeland Security measures the nation s vulnerabilities, meaning it takes initiative in leading and evaluating vulnerabilities and coordinating with other federal, state,Read MoreThe United States Homeland Security948 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Homeland Security has set rules that impact the future of its citizens. Homeland Security partners with our federal, state, and local law enforcements to fight against crime. They have a set list of common core roles such as the following: to prevent terrorism and enhancing security, secure and manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws safeguard and secure cyberspace, and ensure resilien ce to disasters. To keep with these goals they provide several employmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Homeland Security1402 Words   |  6 Pages This research paper will shed light on the issue of Homeland Security. For many countries including the United States, Terrorism and national security have always remained one of the biggest challenges. This research essay will critically analyze as to how the homeland security of the United States has dealt with the threat of future terrorist attacks since its inception in 2002. The whole world bears witness to the tragic losses incurred by the September 11, 2001 attacks. After eleven days ofRead MoreAviation Security: An Increased Focus and Concern919 Words   |  4 PagesAviation Security: Aviation security primarily exists in order to prevent criminal activities in airports and on aircrafts in general. Civil aviation security is geared towards preventing criminal activities like sir piracy or hijacking, attack on passengers and aviation employees, and destruction of aircrafts. While aviation security was a minor concern in the initial years of aviation, it has become a major issue of concern in the modern world. Actually, civil aviation security is a high priorityRead MoreHomeland Security1093 Words   |  5 Pagesbe a safer nation. Millions of innocent lives were lost on 9-11-01. A problem not widely discussed in the United States much until September 11, 2001 the date of the attack from terrorist organizations on the world trade centers’ New York towers in New York City. The United States of America has not worried much about self-defense or in this case homeland security. Due to the actions on September 11th homeland security has been the main goal of many politicians and voters. Homeland security buildsRead MoreThe Importance Of Homeland Security1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Homeland Security When we think of our jobs as emergency responders, we think of the good days and the bad days, but mostly we just think about the impacts that we have made on so many people’s lives. The job is difficult, and only getting harder as the world continues to become more violent and quite honestly, more unpredictable. Living in the United States is a privilege due to our freedoms and rights that our citizens hold, and people from all over the world strive to becomeRead MoreRole Of The Department Of Homeland Security1659 Words   |  7 Pagesresponse that would prevent any future terrorist threat. President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security as the key agency responsible for all anti-terrorism activities to protect our homeland. Government officials and law makers introduced anti-terrorism laws and measures to allow key intelligence and counterterrorism agencies to protect us from terror. Outlining the role of the Department of Homeland Security depicts how this agency was able to coordinate multi agency work to achieve one

Literary criticism free essay sample

The auther of this essay is interested in finding the meaning of absurdity, Beckett is master of absurd theater, and Krapp’s last tape is one of the most influencial plays in absured theater which is deconstructed by nature. Not just the work and auther but the approach itself help the auther of this essay to find the true meaning of absurdity which itself leads human, after passing a chaos, to absolute peace. In the following paragraphs, first there is a biography of Samual Beckett the auther of Krapp’s last tape. Then the discussion goes through deconstruction which is not actually an approach but a reading stategy and short part is devoted to introsucing Lacan’s model of human psyche. Afterward the application of deconstruction and some other points on Krapp’s last tape is placed. At the end there is a conclusion of all what the auther of this essay trying to say. However, more complex variations of psychoanalytic criticism are possible. The concepts of psychoanalysis can be deployed with reference to the narrative or poetic structure itself, without requiring access to the authorial psyche (an interpretation motivated by French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacans remark that the unconscious is structured like a language). Or the founding texts of psychoanalysis may themselves be treated as literature, and re-read for the light cast by their formal qualities on their theoretical content (Freuds texts frequently resemble detective stories, or the archaeological narratives of which he was so fond). Like all forms of literary criticism, psychoanalytic criticism can yield useful clues to the sometime baffling symbols, actions, and settings in a literary work; however, like all forms of literary criticism, it has its limits. For one thing, some critics rely on psychocriticism as a one size fits all approach, when other literary scholars argue that no one approach can adequately illuminate or interpret a complex work of art. As Guerin, et al. put it in A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. The danger is that the serious student may become theory-ridden, forgetting that Freuds is not the only approach to literary criticism. To see a great work of fiction or a great poem primarily as a psychological case study is often to miss its wider significance and perhaps even the essential aesthetic experience it should provide. Psychoanalytic: Such criticism aims at uncovering the working of the human mindespecially the expression of the unconscious. Possibilities include analyzing a text like a dream, looking for symbolism and repressed meaning, or developing a psychological analysis of a character. Three ideas found in the work of Sigmund Freud are particularly useful: the dominance of the unconscious mind over the conscious, the expression of the unconscious mind through symbols (often in dreams), and sexuality as a powerful force for motivating human behavior. Psychoanalytic criticism can be applied to either the author/text relationship or to the reader/text relationship. You might ask, How is this text use or represent the unconscious mind: of the author, the characters, the reader? Methods Early applications Freud wrote several important essays on literature, which he used to explore the psyche of authors and characters, to explain narrative mysteries, and to develop new concepts in psychoanalysis (for instance, Delusion and Dream in Jensens Gradiva and his influential readings of the Oedipus myth and Shakespeares Hamlet in The Interpretation of Dreams). The criticism has been made, however, that in his and his early followers studies what calls for elucidation are not the artistic and literary works themselves, but rather the psychopathology and biography of the artist, writer or fictional characters. Thus many psychoanalysts among Freuds earliest adherents did not resist the temptation to psychoanalyze poets and painters (sometimes to Freuds chagrin. Later analysts would conclude that clearly one cannot psychoanalyse a writer from his text; one can only appropriate him. Early psychoanalytic literary criticism would often treat the text as if it were a ind of dream. This means that the text represses its real (or latent) content behind obvious (manifest) content. The process of changing from latent to manifest content is known as the dream work, and involves operations of concentration and displacement. The critic analyzes the language and symbolism of a text to reverse the process of the dream work and arrive at the underlying late nt thoughts. The danger is that such criticism tends to be reductive, explaining away the ambiguities of works of literature by reference to established psychoanalytic doctrine; and very little of this work retains much influence today. Jungians Later readers, such as Carl Jung and another of Freuds disciples, Karen Horney, broke with Freud, and their work, especially Jungs, led to other rich branches of psychoanalytic criticism: Horneys to feminist approaches including womb envy, and Jungs to the study of archetypes and the collective unconscious. Jungs work in particular was influential as, combined with the work of anthropologists such as Claude Levi-Strauss and Joseph Campbell, it led to the entire fields of mythocriticism and archetype analysis. Northrop Frye considered that the literary critic finds Freud most suggestive for the theory of comedy, and Jung for the theory of romance. Form Waugh writes, The development of psychoanalytic approaches to literature proceeds from the shift of emphasis from content to the fabric of artistic and literary works. Thus for example Hayden White has explored how Freuds descriptions tally with nineteenth-century theories of tropes, which his work somehow reinvents. Especially influential here has been the work of Jacques Lacan, an avid reader of literature who used literary examples as illustrations of important concepts in his work (for instance, Lacan argued with Jacques Derrida over the interpretation of Edgar Allan Poes The Purloined Letter). Lacans theories have encouraged a criticism which focuses not on the author but on the linguistic processes of the text. Within this Lacanian emphasis, Freuds theories become a place from which to raise questions of interpretation, rhetoric, style, and figuration. However, Lacanian scholars have noted that Lacan himself was not interested in literary criticism per se, but in how literature might illustrate a psychoanalytic method or concept. Reader response According to Ousby, Among modern critical uses of psychoanalysis is the development of ego psychology in the work of Norman Holland, who concentrates on the relations between reader and text as with reader response criticism. Rollin writes that Hollands experiments in reader response theory suggest that we all read literature selectively, unconsciously projecting our own fantasies into it. Thus in crime fiction, for example, Rycroft sees the criminal as personifying the readers unavowed hostility to the parent. Charles Mauron: psychocriticism In 1963, Charles Mauron conceived a structured method to interpret literary works via psychoanalysis. The study implied four different phases: 1. The creative process is akin to dreaming awake: as such, it is a mimetic, and cathartic, representation of an unconscious impulse or desire that is best expressed and revealed by metaphors and symbols. 2. Then, the juxtaposition of a writers works leads the critic to define symbolical themes. . These metaphorical networks are significant of a latent inner reality. 4. They point at an obsession just as dreams can do. The last phase consists in linking the writers literary creation to his own personal life. On Maurons concept, the author cannot be reduced to a ratiocinating self: his own more or less traumatic biographical past, the cultural archetypes that have suffused his soul ironicall y contrast with the conscious self, The chiasmic relation between the two tales may be seen as a sane and safe acting out. A basically unconscious sexual impulse is symbolically fulfilled in a positive and socially gratifying way, a process known as Sublimation. Anxiety of influence The American critic Harold Bloom has adopted the Freudian notion of the Oedipus Complex to his study of relationships of influence between poets and his work has also inspired a feminist variant in the work of Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar. In similar vein, Shoshana Felman has asked with respect to what she calls the guilt of poetry the question: Could literary history be in any way considered as a repetitive unconscious transference of the guilt of poetry? . Cultural examples In Small World: An Academic Romance, one of David Lodges satires of academia, the naive hero Persse follows Angelica to a forum where she discourses on Romance: Roland Barthes has taught us the close connection between narrative and sexuality, between the pleasures of the body and the pleasure of the text. Romance is a multiple orgasm. Persse listened to this stream of filth flowing from between Angelicas exquisite lips and pearly teeth with growing astonishment and burning cheeks, but no one else in the audience seemed to find anything remarkable or disturbing about her presentation. In A. S. Byatts novel Possession, the heroine/feminist scholar, while recognising that we live in the truth of what Freud discovered, concedes that the whole of our scholarship the whole of our thought we question everything except the centrality of sexuality. Psychoanalysis in Literature In a nutshell, the key to understanding the history of psychoanalytic literary criticism is to recognize that literary criticism is about books and psychoanalysis is about minds. Therefore, the psychoanalytic critic can only talk about the minds associated with the book. And what are those? There are three, and curiously, Freud spelled them out in his very first remarks on literature in the letter to Fliess of October 15, 1897 in which he discussed Oedipus Rex. He applied the idea of oedipal conflict to the audience response to Oedipus and to the character of Hamlet, Hamlets inability to act, and he speculated about the role of oedipal guilt in the life of William Shakespeare. Those are the three people that the psychoanalytic critic can talk about: the author, the audience, and some character represented in or associated with a text. From the beginning of this field to the present, that cast of characters has never changed: author, audience, or some person derived from the text. Those are the three minds that the psychoanalytic critic addresses. How the psychoanalytic critic addresses those minds depends on the orientation of the critic. Is he or she a classical psychoanalyst, an ego psychologist, a Lacanian, a Kleinian, a member of the object-relations school, a Kohutian, and so on? Each of the various schools in the development of psychoanalysis necessarily produces a different style of psychoanalytic literary criticism. In the earliest stage of psychoanalytic criticism, the critics did little more than identify oedipus complexes and the occasional symbol or parapraxis in one or another work of literature. Usually the critic would relate the complex or the slip of the tongue or the phallic symbol to the mind of the author, as in Freuds studies of Dostoevsky or da Vinci. Other familiar examples would be Ernest Jones often-reprinted book on Hamlet (1949) or Marie Bonapartes analyses of Poe (1933). (Relevant collections would be: Phillips 1957; Manheim and Manheim 1966;; Ruitenbeek 1964. As psychoanalysts began to define the pre-oedipal stagesoral, anal, urethral, phallicthe range of fantasies that one could identify in a literary text expanded from oedipal triangles to fantasies about money, devouring and being devoured, going into dangerous places, fantasies about control, ambition, rage, and so on, as in Phyllis Greenacres well-known studies of Swift and Carroll (Greenacre 1955) or Edmund Wilsons rea ding of Ben Jonson as an anal character (Wilson 1948) or Kenneth Burkes fine studies of Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus, and Kubla Khan (Burke 1966a, b, c). In 1963 the French critic Charles Mauron made the important point that these different levels of fantasies were all transformations of one another, superimposed, so that one could imagine the human being as a series of geological levels with oral fantasies at the deepest level, then anal, phallic and so on forming and leaving traces of themselves at the higher. This is, of course, consistent with the continuities we see psychoanalytically in the development of any human being. Mauron showed that one could read from a writers repeated themes to the writers mythe personel or, as I would say, identity theme. Then, as ego psychology developed further, and psychoanalysis acquired its complex theory of defenses, we literary critics became able in the 1960s and 70s to trace defenses as well as fantasies in texts (see, for example, (Kris 1952). Again, we often read both the defenses and the fantasies back to the authors, and the result has been distinguished biographies by Leon Edel (1953-19 72), Justin Kaplan (1966, 1982), and Cynthia Griffin Wolff (1977, 1986), to name but a few of the many good psychobiographers. Even more helpfully, we became able to see that literary forms functioned psychologically like various types of defense mechanism. Form works as a defense, both at the level of particular wordings and in larger structures. Our identifications with characters serve in this way, to modulate and direct our feelings as identifications do in life. The parallel plots of a novel or a Shakesperean play, for example, would act in the readers mind and perhaps the authors as a kind of splitting. A shift of the sensory modality in a poem may serve as a kind of isolation. Symbolizing serves to disguise all kinds of content in literary works. And, of course, omission functions like repression or denial. (See Holland 1968; Withim 1969-70; Rose 1980. ) The idea of form as defense meant that we could talk about literary works that had no characters at all, where one could only talk about form. We were no longer limited to plays and stories. We could talk about lyric poems (see, for example, Sullivan 1967 or Tennenhouse 1976). We could analyze non-fiction prose. Necessarily we related these to the mind of the author. We could say, for example, that Matthew Arnolds sentence structures expressed denial of physical contact, perhaps related to the general denial of sexuality in Victorian times (Holland 1968; Ohmann 1968). Today, in the 80s and 90s, I believe psychoanalysis has become a psychology of the self, although there are wide differences in the way different schools address the self: British object-relations, Kohuts self-psychology, or Lacans return to a verbal psychoanalysis. Various collections of essays use one or another of these familiar approaches: object-relations (Woodward, Schwartz 1986; Rudnytsky 1993); self-psychology (Bouson 1989; Berman 1990); Lacan, Davis 1981; Stoltzfus 1996). In their various modes, these follow the general pattern of psychoanalytic criticism: applying object-relations, self-psychology, or Lacanian psychoanalysis to the reader, the author, or some person derived from the text. To me, the most significant breakthrough was the recognition that our relationship to a literary work is to a transitional or transformational object. Literature exists in potential space (Schwartz 1975; Bollas 1979). There have been many failures of psychoanalytic criticism, mostly as a result of crudity in applying psychoanalytic ideas: labeling, pathography, id analysis. And there have been some successes. Today, I think the liveliest psychoanalytic criticism addresses questions of gender and personality in the personality of the author and, to me, most interestingly, in the mind of the reader (Holland 1975; Flynn and Schweickart 1986). I said earlier that I think the most interesting part of todays psychoanalytic criticism is its address to he reader. Nowadays we have psychoanalytically-oriented courses in literature and classes oriented to analyzing reader-response (Holland and Schwartz 1975; Holland 1977, 1978b; Berman 1994). In such teaching, a critic or teacher can help readers understand what they are bringing to a given work of literature. How do you respond when you enter the obsessionl world of Charles Dickens? How do y ou respond when you enter the oral world of Christopher Marlowe with its overwhelming rage and desire? How do you shape and change those those worlds to fit your own characteristic patterns of fantasy and defense? In other words, what kind of person are you and how do you perceive the world of books and the world around you? But what about the future? Ive developed very briefly the century-long history of psychoanalytic literary criticism. Whats next? It seems to me that the direction psychoanalytic theory, including its theory of literature, needs to take in the twenty-first century is to integrate psychoanalytic insights with the new discoveries coming from brain research and cognitive science. These are very powerful and, as I read them, often quite in harmony with what psychoanalysis has been saying about people from an entirely different perspective and based on entirely different evidence. It seems to me that what psychoanalysis or psychology in general needs to do is put together the clinical knowledge derived from psychoanalysis with the new knowledge of how the mind works in perception, memory, learning, bilateralization, and, most important for a literary critic, in the way we use language. I do not think this is an impossible task, or even, perhaps, a very difficult one. There have been several efforts so far: Reiser 1984; Winson 1985; Harris 1986;Modell 1997; Kandel 1998. What I think is rather more difficult is integrating with literary criticism the things we are finding out about the brain and how it acquires and uses language with literary criticism. MRI and PET scans enable us to get pictures of the blood and oxygen flow and other things in the brain as that person fears or perceives or reads or listens to languge. Scientists like Gerard Edelman (1992) or Hanna and Antonio Damasio (1994)are showing how we understand words in our brains. There is no simple correspondence between signifier and signified as Lacan claimed. Rather, just to understand one word, the brain must bring together a variety of separate features, the sound of the word, its grammatical role, and other words that it is like and unlike. Then, to arrive at a meaning for a word, the brain assembles or coordinates these different kinds of information from different places in the brain. Furthermore, and most important for the psychoanalyst, what information there is, where it is located, and what emotions accompany it are all highly personal. For each of us, the meaning of a simple word like dog or cat results from our unique history with that word. And, of course, for complex words like democracy or psychoanalyst, the results will be even more personal. If each of us interprets a word in an individual way, that is, a way that is both like and unlike everybody elses interpretation. If so, then a fortiori each of us will interpret a literary text consisting of a lot of words in an individual way. These new researches confirm what we reader-response critics have been saying for a long time. But more to the point, they confirm what every psychoanalyst has seen from behind the couch. That is, a word, an eventtake, for example, a national catastrophe like the Kennedy assassination or the Challenger crash or the embassy bombings in Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam. Each patient will respond to that event out of his or her personal history and character. There is no fixed meaning in the event. Neither is there a fixed meaning in a literary text. In a general way, then, I think the discoveries of brain science are confirming the theory behind psychoanalytic literary criticism, particularly reader-response psychoanalytic literary criticism. But how, if at all, can we apply this to individual works of literature? Im not sure. This may be a question best left to neuroscientists and scientifically oriented psychoanalysts. What I am sure of is that the best future I can imagine for psychoanalytic literary criticism is a fusion of insights derived from psychoanalysis with insights derived from neuroscience. Ive described what psychoanalytic critics have done in the past, and Ive suggested what I think they should do in the future. Id like to say now what psychoanalytic critics ought to do right now. Id like to go back to a more fundamental question. What is the purpose of all this mental energy that people have put into psychoanalytic literary criticism over the past century? What was it all for? What should it be for? What is the purpose of psychoanalytic literary criticism? What, for that matter, is the purpose of any kind of literary criticism? In the 1960s, literary critics vastly expanded their subject matter to include just about anything that involves language. Nowadays, in literature classes or scholarly journals, you find discussions, not just of this or that poem or story or play or writer, but of gender, race, politics, anthropology, sociology, linguistics, all kinds of sciences, and, of course, of psychoanalysis. Needless to say, few English teachers can qualify as the universal geniuses that such discussions require. Perhaps for that reason we might do well to focus on that part of this larger literary criticism that does talk about literature, particularly this or that particular poem or story or play or film, as psychoanalytic literary critics tend to do. What is the purpose, what is the use, of saying Hamlet has an oedipus complex and maybe Shakespeare does too? What is the use of saying that Othello and Iago have a homosexual marriage? What is the purpose of psychoanalytic literary criticism? What is the purpose of literary criticism? Literary criticism, any kind of criticism, rests on the purpose of literature itself, for, after all, criticism is, as the old saying has it, only the handmaiden to the muse. We come, then, to a much larger question. What is the purpose of literature? Most, perhaps even all, theories of literature seem to me to agree in a general way on two purposes. They are most simply expressed by Horace in his Ars Poetica: aut prodesse aut delectare. delectare: to delightthats straightforward enough. We turn to literature for a pleasurable experience. We usually translate Horaces other term, prodesse, as to instruct or to teach or to enlighten. That seems a little bit more problematic. In the duller periods of literary history, people said that prodesse means teaching better morals. That, I take it, would be the point of view of, say, Jesse Helms or McGuffeys Reader. Not a very sophisticated view and not very pleasurable literature. But then, in our rather phallic society, politicians rarely show interest in the arts (Apple 1998). Another idea of prodesse would be that of a middlebrow book reviewer. This novel tells us what life is like in an advertising agency. This is a sensitive and perceptive account of life on a Minnesota farm in 1903. Prodesse, enlightenment, means giving you factual information. But we do not prize Ulysses for its picture of 1905 Dublin, nor The Great Gatsby for its geography of Long Island. If we take a less narrow and fundamentalist view, and a less middlebrow view, I would suggest that the delight, th e delectare, in Horaces formula is the experience of entering the imaginative world created by the writer. I can enjoy the manliness of Hemingways hunters and soldiers. I can enjoy the intensely interpersonal mind of Mrs. Dalloway. I can enjoy the gallantry of Sir Walter Scotts romances or the avarice of Charles Dickenss world. In other words, I can take pleasure in the great human themes, both the good ones and the bad ones, by means of what I read. If that be the pleasure side of Horaces formula, what is the teaching or instruction side? Again, if we take a less narrow and fundamentalist and politically correct view, I would suggest that the instruction literature itself offers is the understanding of these experi ences, these writers minds, these alien worlds. Not judging them morally, not downloading information from them, but understanding them as fully as we can so that they can become part of our total experience of living. What is the purpose of literary criticism, then? Literary criticism, any kind of criticism, rests on the purpose of literature itself, for, after all, criticism is, as the old saying has it, only the handmaiden to the muse. I would suggest that the role of the critic parallels that of the writer: the critic is also prodesse aut delectare, to delight or to instruct, but more narrowly than the writer. The critic delights or instructs in relation to literature. That is, the critic should give you ideas that enable you to add to your delight. The critic should be saying, Watch this, notice that, see how this other thing works out. If you observe these aspects of the work, you will have a better experience of it. You will be able to enter the world of the book in a more imaginative, more empathic, more satisfying way. In this way, a critic can add to your pleasure in a book but also help you to understand your pleasure. Criticism should help us to understand both our experience of literary pleasure and to understand ourselves as the experiencers. Criticism finally should enable both critic and ordinary reader to obey the primary command above the temple of the Delphic Oracle: Know Thyself. The art gives us the experience. Criticism should give us some understanding of the experience. That is how literary criticism serves as the handmaiden of the muse. It helps literature achieve both its pleasure and instruction. Very occasionally, literary criticism is an aesthetic experience in itselfmore often it is not. At least, though, literary criticism should help us to shape and articulate some other aesthetic experience to ourselves, to take it from the authors words and put it into our own words and our own world of experience and understand what we are doing. In other words instruction helps delight and delight helps instruction. In that sense, all literary criticism would benefit from psychological wisdom. The better the psychology, the better the criticism. I started by saying that literary criticism is about books and psychoanalysis is about minds. The reader-response critics and the brain scientists would add an important corollary to that. The only way you can know a book is through a mind. You can only know a bookyou can only know a work of art of any kindthrough some human process of perception, through your own mind or through some other persons telling you about the book or the painting. Inevitably then, there is a psychological component to any talk at all about books. Often, orthodox, non-psychological critics dont talk about that psychological element. They leave it unspoken or even denied. But there is always an element of personality in what a critic saysotherwise, why would we sign our articles? Now how does this ideal for criticism translate into psychoanalytic literary criticism in particular? Suppose I say that Dickens is an obsessional writer. I give you a term. You can name the quality you are experiencing. I give you a way of thinking about it. I am giving you the opportunity of finding out what obsession is, what it feels like, what kind of imagination, what kind of world, such a person inhabits. By bringing in the psychoanalysts clinical experience of obsession, I sensitize you to the issues that dogged Charles Dickens, questions of control, aggression, possession, money, dirtyou can share his horrified fascination as he followed the Thames floating its filth and corpses down to the sea. In effect, I offer you another way of entering the imaginative world of, say, Bleak House or Our Mutual Friend. I believe that the psychoanalytic literary critics primary job is to foreground that psychological element in what he or she says about books. In other words, I think psychoanalytic critics should be interpreting their own, if you will, countertransference to the text or whatever else they are describing. Good literary criticism can help us to shape and articulate that experience to ourselves, to take it from the authors words and put it into our own words and our own world of experience. Also, good psychological literary criticism can help us shape and articulate the psychological experience of the writer or the characters to ourselves, to form that psychological experience from the authors words nd put it into our own words and our own world of experience. Think back for a moment to Charlie Chaplins movies. I think most of us would agree that, mixed in with all the delightful comedy, is a great deal of dreadful sentimentality. We could simply call it mush or treacle and dismiss it. But suppose I offer you a bit of psychoanalytic criticism. Suppose I say to you that Charlie Chaplin, as Stephen Weissman has recently written (1996) is dealing in his films with the problem of a promiscuous mother. At first, she had been a glamorous dancer onstage where the boy often admired her. At the end she was an impoverished seamstress, who perhaps prostituted herself, and who certainly suffered and eventually died from syphilis. The psychoanalytic critic combines this biographical information with the psychoanalystic insight that, as Freud put it about Chaplin, He always plays only himself as he was in his grim youth (Freud 1960). We can understand why so often in his films his hero rescues and repairs damaged and fallen women. We can understand the ineptitude, the childishness of his tramp-hero as he tries to attract these women, like a child playing up to an elusive mother. Most people find these episodes repellingly sentimental. We could simply write them off. But I think psychoanalytic insight offers us a chance to do better. We can enter into these episodes more fully, with better understanding and more empathy. We can rescue them by using our imagination as Chaplin rescued his mother in imagination. We can understand the little tramp as a recreation of the boy Chaplin. In Limelight, we can understand differently the appalling sentimentality of the last scene: the aged music hall star dying offstage as his protegee dances her way back to stardom. We can ask ourselves, how would we feel if we had had a prostitute for our mother? We can imagine a small boy giving his life to the rescue of that shamed and failing mother, making her into something different from what she was, erasing the reality through his own creativity. As a psychoanalytic critic, Im asking you to look at the women in Chaplins films in a different light, not just as sentimentalized or demonized, but as detested and loved in a painful and complicated combination of fear, desire, and loathing. And through that understanding, we perhaps can experience these episodes more sympathetically, more empathically, more generously. That to me, is the purpose of psychoanalytic criticism. To open up art to us. To add to our empathy and understanding and through our empathic understanding to add to the experience of art. In other words, what Im suggesting is that good psychoanalytic criticism instructs and delights its readers in the experiencing of our own human nature. In the past, psychoanalytic criticism has addressed the three persons involved in the literary transaction: author, reader, and textual person. In the future, I hope psychoanalytic literary critics will draw on the rich insights of cognitive science. But in that future, I hope even more that psychoanalytic literary critics will offer their readers both instruction and delight. No more pathography, no more id-analysis, no more symbol-mongering, no more jargon. I hope instead that psychoanalytic critics will keep open a royal road into the human possibilities offered by great literature.

Life Of A Pioneer Essays - Duke Ellington, Harlem Renaissance

Life of A Pioneer Born in Washington D.C. in 1899, he started piano lessons when he was a boy, by the age of seventeen, he played professionally. In 1923, he moved to New York City where he played in small nightclubs, theaters, and on the radio, later played at one of the most popular nightclubs of the time in Harlem, The Cotton Club. Lead his orchestra for more than fifty years. Duke Ellington unarguably, was one of the greatest jazz composers that had ever lived. Born in Washington D.C. on April 29, 1899, Edward Kennedy Ellington's (net #6) childhood was unusually happy and carefree for an African American child growing up in the early 1900's (Frankl, 17). Ellington, at first, really wanted to play baseball, but a close encounter with a ball scared his mother which lead to his piano lessons. His mother simply said that it was safer (Frankl, 25). Piano lessons didn't last, Ellington didn't like to be taught things. Later in his youth, he would take up the art again, only this time he stuck to it. Ellington said he realized that "When you were playing piano there was always a pretty girl standing down at the bass clef end of the piano (net #3)." "Duke" came from one of his friends who called him that because of his elegance and charm, the name stayed with him for the rest of his life (net #3). Ellington's professional music career began when he was seventeen. He went to the pool halls in the D.C. area and played piano there. Ellington didn't play at the pool halls for the money, he played there because of the other musicians. Ellington constantly wanted to improve his own music, so he would listen to the musicians and learn their notes and lines. At times, the musicians would let Ellington stand behind them and he would watch as they glided their fingers on the keyboard. Ellington learned a great deal from the musicians. Soon, Ellington was growing tired of pool hall fame and sought better recognition. He and two of his friends formed a band named the Washingtonians. (net #8). It wasn't long before Ellington's band became well known in the city, every nightclub knew their name and wanted them. Ellington and the band played night after night. Once again, Ellington was searching for a higher mountain to climb. He had just heard from a friendly nightclub manager that there wa s a big music scene in the big apple, New York City, so the band packed their bags and headed North. There at New York, Ellington had to make a new establishment, New York didn't know who he was yet. Soon, the band got a job playing at a nightclub in Harlem called the Kentucky Club. The place wasn't the best but the variety of customers that it hosted was able to spread their name, Washingtonians, all over New York. Ellington's big break came in 1927 when he landed the job of playing at the most prestigious club in the city, the executive Cotton Club (net #4). At the Cotton Club, Ellington was able to gain national fame with the help from a new invention, the radio. With the advent of the radio, the entire country was able to listen to the Washingtonians' play. Fame wasn't the only thing Ellington gained, with the financial success and support, Ellington was able to hire additional musicians and to pursue his ultimate dream as a master composer. Ellington's first compositions were considered to be very stiff and jerky. In 1924, Ellington's first recordings were made, these seemed to be the recordings of a jazz musician who was headed in the wrong direction and some even did not consider him to be a jazz musician at all, but they were an inauspicious beginning for some major talent. Ellington's music began to show the depth and sophistication he was famous for. His ideas of harmony, melody, orchestral color, and form came from the music around him. Ellington would listen to the music of the time and end up turning them into his own jazz style. When he first started writing music, he would devise a melody on the piano and from there assign

Stranger than Paradise essays

Stranger than Paradise essays This movie could be considered a complete waste of time for many people. The movie is in black and white. This affects the surroundings in the movie. New York, Cleveland, and Florida look dark and dreary. This inhibits the characters, in their emotions. Throughout the movie there is a lot of silence, and tension between Eva and Willie. I relate the black and white theme in this movie to color theory. Black and white are opposite ends of the value scale, or color sphere. These two are highly contrasting colors, which cause strain and tension when together. This could explain Eva and Willie. Eva, who seems to be better alone, unlike Willie who has to have his friend Eddie. These two characters cause tension when put together. Eva feels confined when put into the prison-like situations that Willie puts her in. For example, being left alone in apartments, and hotels by herself. These two characters together cause the same contrasting effects of the two colors black and whit e. This film begins with Eva arriving in New York to stay with her cousin Willie. Willie lives by himself in an unkempt apartment. Eva arrives to Willies place, but Willie does not really make her feel welcome. He feels like he has to be some sort of babysitter. Eva is left in the apartment by herself feeling lonely and bored. One day she leaves the apartment and goes to the store. When she returns she shows Willie what she shoplifted. Willie is impressed that Eva did this sort of crime in the unsafe neighborhood that he lives in. Throughout the time she spends in New York Eva stays bored and lonely while Willie stays content with his friend Eddie. I believe Eddie is Willies only friend. Willie and Eddie tend to spend much of their time gambling. Eddie seems to be a very nice guy who shows some interest in Eva. Evas time in New York comes to an end, and she is leaving for Cleveland. She seems to be ...

The End of the Night Stalker, Richard Ramirez

The End of the Night Stalker, Richard Ramirez The citizens of Los Angles were frightened as more news of the Night Stalkers latest victims circulated. Neighborhood watch groups were formed, and people armed themselves with guns. On August 24, 1985, Ramirez traveled 50 miles south of Los  Angeles and broke into the home of Bill Carns, 29, and his fiancà ©e, Inez Erickson, age 27. Ramirez shot Carns in the head and raped Erickson. He demanded that she swear her love for Satan, then tied her up and left. Erickson struggled to the window and saw the old orange Toyota Ramirez was driving. Remarkably, teenager James Romero III noticed a suspicious car cruising the neighborhood and wrote down the license plate number. He turned the information over to the police department. Two days later, the police located the same Toyota abandoned in a parking lot in Rampart. They were able to get fingerprints from the cars  interior. A computer match was made of the prints and identification of the Night Stalker became known. On August 30, 1985, the arrest warrant for Richard Ramirez was issued, and his picture was released to the public. A Face Revealed On August 30, Ramirez  returned to LA after making a short trip to Phoenix, Arizona to buy cocaine. Unaware that his picture was all over the newspapers, he got off of a Greyhound bus and walked into a liquor store. The woman working inside recognized him and began yelling that he was the Night Stalker. Shocked, he quickly fled the store and headed toward the heavily populated Hispanic area of east Los Angeles. A small mob formed and chased him for two miles. Captured by a Mob Ramirez tried to steal a car, but the owner was underneath it doing repairs. When Ramirez tried to start the engine, the man pulled out from beneath the car, and the two struggled until Ramirez escape. The mob that was in pursuit of Ramirez, now armed with steel rods, caught up with him, beat him with the rods and subdued until the police arrived. Ramirez, fearing that the mob would kill him, raised his hands to the police, begging for protection, and identified himself as the Night Stalker. Endless Pre-Trial Motions Because of the endless appeals on the part of the defense and Ramirez asking for different attorneys, his trial did not begin for four years. Finally, in January 1989, a jury had been selected, and the trial began. Haunts of the Charlie Manson Trial During the trial, Ramirez attracted several groupies who wrote to him regularly. The trial scene had haunts of the Charlie Manson trial, with women hanging around, clad in black robes. When one of the jurors failed to show up one day and was discovered dead in her apartment from a gunshot wound, many wondered if some of Ramirezs followers were responsible. It was later determined that it was the womans boyfriend who killed her during an argument that erupted while discussing the Ramirez case. Sentenced to Die On September  20, 1989, Richard Ramirez was found guilty on 43 counts in Los Angeles County, including 13 murders, and charges including  burglary, sodomy, and rape. He was sentenced to death on each count of murder.  During the sentencing stage, it  was reported  that Ramirez did not want his attorneys to beg for his life. While being led out of the courtroom, Ramirez made the sign of devils horns with his chained left hand. He told reporters,  Big deal. Death  always went with the territory.  Ill see you in Disneyland. Ramirez was sent to his new home, death row at  San Quentin Prison. The Virgin Doreen On October 3,  1996, 36-year-old Ramirez tied the knot with one of his groupies, 41-year-old Doreen Lioy, in a civil ceremony held in San Quentins visiting room. Lioy  was a  self-proclaimed virgin and a magazine editor with an I.Q. of 152. Ramirez was a serial killer waiting to be executed. Lioy  first wrote to Ramirez after his arrest in 1985, but she was one of many women sending love letters to the Night Stalker. Not willing to give up, Lioy continued to pursue a relationship with Ramirez, and in 1988, she had her dream fulfilled when Ramirez asked her to be his wife. Due to prison regulations, the couple had to postpone their marriage plans until 1996. Death-row inmates were not permitted to have conjugal visits, and no exception was made for Ramirez and the virgin, Doreen. The situation was likely alright with Ramirez, who said that it was his wifes virginity that made her so appealing. Doreen Lioy believed that her husband was an innocent man. Lioy, who was raised as a Catholic, said she respected Ramirezs satanic worship. This was demonstrated when she gave him a silver wedding band to wear since satanic worshipers do not wear gold. The Night Stalker Dies Richard Ramirez died June 7, 2013, at the  Marin General Hospital. According to the  Marin County coroner,  Ramirez died from complications of B-cell lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. He was 53 years old.

Discuss the impact on businesses throughout the world if the European Essay

Discuss the impact on businesses throughout the world if the European Union were to partially disintegrate - Essay Example Thus, the main themes of the study will primarily focus upon this broad factor. Additionally, the main parameter that will be addressed in this particular essay will broadly reflect upon the possible amount of impacts that can prove to provide certain advantages or disadvantages in the near future to global business. A Report on the European Union For centuries, Britain has been able to develop itself in an economic manner by way of being an outward looking and an open country. In today’s scenario, the economy holds a high level of worldwide integration. Great Britain is considered to collect annual revenue of US$386,463 million which puts the country in a very dominant position (Cable News Network, 2013). The UK is considered to be the world's fifth major exporter of services and goods and the country is able to attract considerable amount of foreign direct investment as compared to any other European nation. Besides, it has been studied that the European Union (EU) is one of the largest exporters, investor and importers in the world. It has also been realized that there are lots of broad prospects of exports in the years to come. The member states of the EU strongly believe in the concept of absorption of capital and its proper utilization in order to maximize return on investment (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2013). This aspect can only be made possible when a nation becomes fully engaged in different types of business activities. The EU member states are very well versed with the business concepts and are able to perform the broad functions of the business at large. The EU member states are also very much divergent in performing the broad business activities with other foreign countries. The countries in this broad region seem to inculcate its broad business activities in the most operational sectors such as agriculture, media and audio-visual, automotive industry, business related services, biotechnology, communication and chemicals to name a fe w. In addition, the EU comprises of various other broad businesses that result in increased amount of business activities (European Small Business Portal, n.d.). The EU has been able to achieve all round sustainability in the overall context of business along with development to a very large extent. For the purpose of fulfilment of the business objectives, it has also been able to provide various business opportunities to numerous countries. Greece, Spain and the UK are some of the few countries which have been benefitted by integrating their economy with other EU member states. These countries have been benefitted as they were provided with ample amount of opportunities to expand as an ideal nation in terms of business. Large volume of exports along with imports has been able to provide classified measures in order to develop itself as a strong business destination. In addition, the

The Exchange Rate Regime of Thailand, purchasing power parity of Essay

The Exchange Rate Regime of Thailand, purchasing power parity of Thailand - Essay Example Population of Thailand is relatively homogeneous, which consists of Buddhist 94-95%, Muslim 4-5%, Christians, Hindus and others. More than 85% of its population speak Dialect of Thai and share common culture. Like many other countries of the world, Thailand also witnessed many ups and down and was occupied by the Japanese during Second World War. Since Japan’s defeat in 1945, Thailand has had very close relations with the United States. Threatened by communist revolution in neighboring countries, such as Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, Thailand actively sought U.S assistance to contain communist expansion in the reason. Recently, Thailand also has been an active member in multilateral organizations like the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. 1.1 Economic performance of Thailand: - The Thai economy is export dependent, with export accounting for 60% of GDP. Thailand recovery form the 1997-98 Asian financial crises relied largely on external demand from the United States and other foreign markets. The Thaksin government took office in February 2001 with the intention of stimulating domestic demand and reducing Thailand reliance on foreign trade and investment. Since then Thailand has embraced a â€Å"duel track† economic policy that combines domestic stimulus with Thailand’s traditional promotion of open market and foreign investment. Weak export demand held 2001 GDP growth to 2.1%. Beginning in 2002, however, domestic stimulus and export revival fueled a better performance, with real GDP growth at 6.9% in 2003 and 6.1% in 2004. Before the financial crisis, the Thai economy had years of manufacturing-led economic growth –averaging 9.4% for the decade up to 1996. Relatively abundant and inexpensive labor and natural resources, fiscal conservatism, open foreign investment policies, and encouragement of the private sector underlay the economic success in the years up to 1997. The economy is

Poetry Essay Essay Example for Free

Poetry Essay Essay Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. Poetry has been known to employ meter and rhyme, but this is by no means necessary. Poetry is an ancient form that has gone through numerous and drastic reinvention over time. The very nature of poetry as an authentic and individual mode of expression makes it nearly impossible to define. Poetry is sometimes hard to understand but other times its as easy as one, two, and three. Sometimes people turn to poetry to vent their feelings, to tell their high school sweetheart they still love them, to get over grief and etc. Poetry can be inspirational and motivating. Poetry can be anything you want it to be. The plot of Watch by Frank Outlaw tells us that we should be careful about what we do and to choose wisely what we act on. One of the poetic devices in this poem is assonance. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. The vowel sounds repeated in this poem are: A, E, I, O and U. Another poetic device found in this poem is imagery. Imagery is words or phrases that appeal to the senses. The poem is titled Watch, so I believe therefore, watch would be considered as imagery. This poem appeals to me because I agree that we should watch what we do, before we do that particular thing. The plot of The Greatest Artist by Udiah tells us that God is one of a kind and can create the most beautiful things in this world. It also tells us that only God can create the beautiful things on this Earth. The sky is Gods canvas to a beautiful masterpiece. It also states that whenever we are sad, he puts a smile across our face to let us know Hes there. One poetic device in this poem is rhyme. Rhyme is the similarity of ending sounds exsisting between two words. Some of the rhyming words are: compare and air, above and glove, fair and there. Another poetic device is metaphor. Metaphor is the comparison between two objects with the intent of giving clearer meaning to one of them. One of the metaphors in this poem is: God is the greatest artist. This poem appeals to me because I agree that God is the one and only who can create the most unique things and we always know hes watching us with open eyes. The plot of Before You by William Arthur Ward tells us that we should think before we do. It also tells us that we should learn from different situations. Another thing it teaches is that we should use patience before expressing our thoughts. One of the poetic devices in this poem is repetition. Repetition is the repeating of words or phrases. The repetition in this poem is before you. Another poetic device is assonance. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. The vowel sounds repeated in this poem are: A, E, I, O and U. This poem appeals to me because I agree that we should think before we act. I dedicate this poetry book to my mom. I included certain poems because poetry has such a special meaning for a special person. She is a true genuine person with a great attitude towards life. Who expresses emotions profoundly through words. I included certain poems because of the motivation and inspiration they have. Im most inspired by Adele, Adele is a famous London singer, who expresses music through her heartfelt experiences.

The Intricately Woven Themes of Slaughterhouse-Five :: Slaughterhouse-Five Essays

The Intricately Woven Themes of Slaughterhouse-Five At first glance Slaughterhouse-Five appears to be a simplistic story. It is a short account of a man's experiences in World War II and the effects the war had on his life. But by taking a deeper look into Slaughterhouse-Five we see intricately woven themes, contrasts, and morals. Vonnegut has disguised a great lecture against war and an acceptance of death through the idiocy and simplicity of Billy Pilgrim. Vonnegut begins the novel with a warning. His first chapter subtly warns us that Slaughterhouse-Five has been difficult for him to produce. "This one is a failure," he writes, "since it was written by a pillar of salt" (22; ch. 1). The irony of this statement is that by looking back in time Vonnegut accuses himself of idiocy, like Billy Pilgrim. Yet one of the main themes of the entire work is the "bugs in amber" or the existence of the past, present, and future all at once. In the opening chapter he also humbles his work by telling us how it begins and ends, stressing the succeeding theme. Billy Pilgrim is a master of disguise. He serves as a superb mask that Vonnegut hides behind in order to get his messages across without scaring readers away with boring lectures. Vonnegut wants us to accept life as it is and to understand that death is inevitable and something we must not fear. He indirectly lets us know that this is a realization that he has come to in his own life, most likely through the war experience, and invites us to follow in his footsteps. Through his humor and lightheartedness he does not force these ideas on us but helps us to open our minds to new ways of perceiving our lives. As the king of

Impact of British Colonialisation on Indian Culture Essay

Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonizers from the metropole. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropole and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population. The colonial period normally refers to the late 15th to the 20th century, when European states established colonies on other continents. During this time, the justifications for colonialism included various factors such as Christian missionary work, the profits to be made, the expansion of the power of the metropole and various religious and political beliefs. WHY COLONISE INDIA? Britain discovered the Indian sub-continent when it was looking to expand its vast empire. The East India Company was formed and came to recognize that India was a hub of trade and home to many natural resources. This situation made India an attractive colony to Britain as it seemed unquestionable that Britain would benefit from the situation. Britain did benefit from the situation; however, notwithstanding the obvious injustices associated with colonization, India also experienced positive impacts that continued even once India gained independence from Britain in 1947. It is important to note that although India gained independence all ties with the British nation were not cut. Britishers earmarked that no person in India was beggar. The country is of high wealth, high moral values, and people of caliber and thought to break the backbone of the nation i.e. cultural and spiritual heritage and therefore they proposed to replace old and ancient education system, for if the Indians thin k that all that is foreign and English is good and greater than their own, they will lose their self esteem, their native culture and they will become what britishers want them, a truly dominated nation. IMPACT OF COLONIALISATION The impacts of colonization are immense and pervasive. Various effects, both immediate and protracted, include the spread of virulent diseases, the establishment of unequal social relations, exploitation, enslavement, medical advances, the creation of new institutions, and technological progress. Colonial practices also spur the spread of languages, literature and cultural institutions. The native cultures of the colonized peoples can also have a powerful influence on the imperial country. Impact of British rule in India had been widespread throughout the country and affected the cultural, technological, religious, social, political and economic state of India. India had persistently tolerated the British rule for 200 prolonged years, with their everlasting impression been forever etched upon the succeeding Indian citizens. Impact of British rule in India, in this context, is one that had perhaps emerged forth right from the 16th century, when British missionaries had sailed to easte rn soil to spread Christianity, much before the British East India Company. The negative impact of British rule in India was mostly visible in the economic aspect which occurred as a result of de-industrialization and destruction of rural economy. Initial Impact of British Rule in India British invasion on India was not the first of its kind; India has prior to British arrival, been host to pellets of ruthless foreign invasions. The British, in this regard, were the last to arrive in India. However, when it came to the power game, it undoubtedly was the British and the British East India Company, who completely captured Indian power and people. They covertly and efficiently expanded their empire with the competent aid of Indian soldiers. Indians had joined the East India Company army solely for the reason that they received salary on the first day of every month, very much unlike the Indian emperors and their system of reign. As such, impact of British rule in India already had begun to do its work, with the very first Christian missionaries arriving to India, with the intention to turn a majority of population into Christians. They tried to cast Christianity in the light of a better religion and with economic inducements convinced the poor Indians into Christianity . POSITIVE IMPACT 1. Modernization and industrialization During British occupation, India was modernized and industrialized. British industrialists invested huge amounts of capital in the region. The British East India Company built the world’s third-largest railroad network, which connected regions and enabled the country to develop a modern economy. Western culture also improved Indian culture with the development of a road network, telephone and telegraph lines, many dams and bridges and irrigation canals. During British occupation, these developed systems of transportation and communication benefited the British, rather than Indians. But they were put in place for Indian culture to take advantage of when the country finally achieved its independence. 2. Education Indian culture benefited from Western culture in the area of education. During British occupation, many schools and colleges were built throughout India. Literacy increased and, for the first time, the poorest classes of society had access to knowledge. 3. Employment The presence of Western traders in India increased the demand for goods and services in India. As a result of the British living in India, Indian artisans, weavers and craftsmen were steadily employed. Although they were deprived of the full profits of their labors, these artisans and craftsman grew in numbers, and the Indian labor force became more skilled and handy. By the time the British left the subcontinent, a greater percentage of Indians had acquired skills to make a living. 4. Establishment of churches gave importance to port cities The very foremost impact of British rule on India was the religious impact, as was established by the missionaries and their establishment of churches in every possible corner of the country. In this regard, the port cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai gained enough importance, due to their accessibility for navigational purposes. They were later turned into the 3 cardinal presidency towns. The keen attempt of British Christians to turn several bunches of Indians into a complete unfamiliar religion was successful, though only in parts. Some had gladly accepted it, in fear of inviting the rage of the company, while others had turned hostile, in turn giving rise to collisions and difference of opinion. 5. Socio-Cultural Impact of British Rule in India The socio-cultural impact of British rule upon India was also another intense impression that had lasted throughout their rule, never for once losing their significant status. From every field of living, be it in education, art, architecture, painting, literature, poetry, drama, novels or even Indian religion and philosophy, the whole Indian set-up had suffered a gradual change. The conventional and simple society, prevalent in India, respected and dreaded the British rulers. British aristocrats travelled throughout India in separate â€Å"Europeans Only† First-Class Railway Carriages. They had for themselves separate waiting rooms in most of the major railway stations. They also came to set up elite schools for their children. In most of the theatre halls, the balcony was earmarked for the whites and the local maharaja. Their significant passionate pastime, during late 19th and early 20th centuries, appeared to be hunting animals and birds in Indian jungles. As such, the popu lation of tigers, lions and elephants slumped down because of indiscriminate hunting. 6. Creating Unity One of the first impacts that colonisation had in India was the development of unity. When Britain first acquired India as a colony the country was divided. The British imposed system impacted India by bringing more equality to the country as the caste system which outlined social hierarchy was adapted. It is also significant that Britain accepted all of the religions of India which also allowed unity to prosper. 7. Leading Towards Democracy India has also experienced positive impacts from the institution established and then left behind by the colonizers. The institutions established by the British Raj and then inherited by India helped lead to democracy in modern day India. The assistance of these institutions assisted India in becoming the world’s largest democracy today. It is also of note that Britain first introduced India to early capitalism through colonization. Britain transformed India into an agricultural based capitalist economy and established forms of private ownership. These actions led India into creating free trade and competitive business. 8. Sports Another positive impact of colonisation can be seen in sport in India. During the colonial period Britain brought the sport of cricket to India. Cricket today brings enthusiasm to millions of Indians and is celebrated around the country. India as a nation has also emerged as a prominent team in cricket tournaments as India has successfully beaten many other countries. Cricket also serves to connect much of the Indian population as the sport is celebrated nationally. 9. Setting up of railways The British had introduced the system of Railways in a chain method, with the whole of the country staying witness to placing of railways tracks, railway platforms and railway carriages. Indeed India railways, postal services, legal and judicial systems and other government-based services have all been derived primarily from the British administration. British rule virtually had helped unify India, which till then was quite fragmentary. The in-built inferiority complex was the characteristic trademark of the mass of the native population, till Mahatma Gandhi. 10. Introduction of English language Introduction of English language which was infact intended to create a class of people appreciative of English culture and life style indirectly helped Indians to acquire a link language. Although introduction of helped in developing an efficient bureaucracy for the british government, it gave Indians an opportunity to know western concept of rights and freedom and the extent of discrimination practiced against them by British. Exchange of ideas among Indians speaking variety of languages became possible. 11. Other positive effects * Stamping out of infanticide * Stamping out of ritual burning of widows (Sati) * Abolishment of slavery * Elimination of dacoits from highways * Legalization of remarriage of widows * Introduction of penal code for equality NEGATIVE IMPACT 1. Development of constitution Development of our constitutional framework is to a great extent based on the legacies of the British colonial rule. Our constitution was formed in protest to britishers because at that time India was under the slavery of British raj otherwise the picture of our constitution would have been different. 2. Slaves and indentured servants The labour shortage that resulted inspired European colonizers to develop a new source of labour, using a system of indentured servitude. Indentured servants consented to a contract with the European colonizers. Under their contract, the servant would work for an employer for a term of at least a year, while the employer agreed to pay for the servant’s voyage to the colony, possibly pay for the return to the country of origin, and pay the employee a wage as well. The employee was â€Å"indentured† to the employer because they owed a debt back to the employer for their travel expense to the colony, which they were expected to pay through their wages. In practice, indentured servants were exploited through terrible working conditions and burdensome debts created by the employers, with whom the servants had no means of negotiating the debt once they arrived in the colony. 3. Impact on health Encounters between explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced new diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and others were unknown in pre-Columbian America. 4. Economic Impact of British Rule in India Impact of British rule in India however was not restricted only to these spheres; the economic impact was yet another domain which practically had drained out the native populace, creating a forever draught in 1947. The chief aim of these settlers was to make India an agrarian country that would supply an industrialised England. As such, the Indian farmers suffered with their land revenue, most of which were ruthlessly being seized by the hyperbolic Zamindar class. Each passing year further tightened the economy, making Indians go insane to the nerve; Indian local-manufactured products were sold in tremendously cheap rates in Britain, making the native money-making policy even harder. The world-over societal degradation also had spilled in India, like the World War I or the Great Depression of the 1930s. The situation had become so very dreadful that there could not be found any out of such an entangled mess. 5. Constructive Impact of British Rule in India Amidst all these alarming states and conditions, the imperial rule were compassionate enough to introduce European education in India. This ground-breaking impact of British rule in India truly has benefited India in the long run, carving out a prestigious position of India in the world map. Knowledge of English was essential to earn a job in the British bureaucracy, in the British trading firms and of course in the British Army in the officer level. Many dignified concepts like parliamentary democracy, the European scientific ideas, industrialization and liberal human philosophy permeated into the Indian brain. 6. Resource Drain One of the primary goals of colonialism was the establishment of a resource-generating system through which natural resources from colonized regions were gathered and traded by the colonizing nation. This process reduced the availability of natural resources in the colonized nations, leading to times of hunger, poverty and need. Some colonies were heavily farmed, with food stores shipped to feed populations elsewhere while locals survived on less. Further, this created a system where a colonized country could be farmed for its natural wealth, but receive no monetary benefits. 7. Dismissal of Hinduism Religion provided the needed rationale for this cruel plunder. All native Hindus were dismissed as heathens or pagans ‘ despicable creatures who don’t have to be treated like human beings till they take their fateful decision to embrace Christianity. According to the missionaries who came to India to play second fiddle to the British Imperial rulers, Christianity was the only true religion. Jesus Christ was the only true God. All other religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and many other traditional faiths and religions in India had to be eliminated to save the souls of India and Indians. All facets and all aspects of Hindu religion and Hindu society were dismissed as idolatry and superstition, in order to advance the noble Christian pursuit of salvation for the barbarous heathens of India. Along with Christian religion came the rest of British or Western culture, thought and customs and the gradual end of traditional ways of life. Thus our traditional rel igions and cultures were gradually subverted or eliminated. CONCLUSION Today India is the largest provider of services in the world in large part due to colonisation; however, it is uncertain if without colonisation this would be possible. The Indian population is able to compete in the service sector due to the positive impact of the English language being left behind post British rule. When colonisation was occurring in India schools were established which taught and offered instruction in English. It is also of note that the East India Company had a positive impact by establishing some services such as rail throughout the country. The British rule introduced the railways, the press, and the western system of education, clubs and associations all of which shook the prevalent socio-economic order. But the processes of exploitation unleashed by them destroyed the possibilities of development of industries and a modern economic system in India. The British rule rather systematically destroyed the native industries of India for the benefit of the industries in Britain and their market in India. Even though it sought to tie down the people it ruled to colonial backwardness, it released new historical forces within the Indian fold by throwing the traditional economic system and socio-cultural order out of gear. It gave birth to the desire of material advancement and better amenities and living conditions of individuals. Also it gave birth to a spirit of inquiry in the minds of Indian intellectuals who came in contact with western education. Both the social reformists and the conservatives took a fresh and critical look at their own society and culture as a reaction to western interpretation of the same. REFERENCES: * Positive & Negative Effects of Colonialism | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8505011_positive-negative-effects-colonialism.html#ixzz1pZTzR700 * nos.org/317courseE/L-35%20COLONIALISM%20IN%20INDIA.pdfSimilar * www.kwintessential.co.uk/†¦/india/†¦Impact-of-Colonisation-in-India/†¦Cached * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_colonialism * Government of India, Report of the Education Commission 1964-66, Delhi, 1966. * D. Warriner, Land Reform in Principle and Practice, Oxford University Press, 1969 * Maddison, â€Å"The Historical Origins of Indian Poverty†

Bullying And Violence: The Effects Introduction Essay

Bullying will become an increasingly important problem for parents, school, administrators, and teachers, and will affect our society at large if not prevented. People started to realize action needed to be taken. Some suggested a behavioral approach. Tamanini (2017) on the other hand, feels that the best way to prevent bullying is starting at home. There was also Cordi and Masturzo (2013) who suggested getting students to talk about bullying using fiction and non-fiction books that focus on that subject. They claim that it puts them in a safe place. Throughout time, people have created different interventions and programs and even disciplinary actions to slow down the excessive growth of bullying. Some have been successful and some not so much. Background Bullying is the act of intentionally harming someone physically, verbally, or psychologically. Bullying is often repeated over time and involves an imbalance of power. Acts of bullying include unwelcome touching, teasing and name-calling, sending threatening or mean-spirited messages (such as texts, chats, voicemails, or e-mails) or spreading of hurtful rumors. Bullying and cyberbullying, or bullying that occurs online, are sensitive issues for many children, educators, and families. Some children may be embarrassed that they have been bullied or have bullied others, so it’s important to create a safe environment, where they feel they can share their thoughts. My Position The position I have chosen to pursue is the fact that bullying starts at home. Parents must realize the effect they have on their children and the examples that they are setting. If they see you act on violence, they will do as they see and bring it to their own environment. This is a problem a lot of parents face and don’t realize that to prevent this issue it starts with them. They should even monitor their television and what they allow their kids to watch, especially at a young age. A simple show that your child watches can change their behavior instantly because what they watch they might consider it to be ok. With them being so young and not knowing any better is the best time for them to be influenced. Parents need to step up and be more involved with their children because neglect is a big issue. Parents will focus on what they have going on like work or everything else except their own kids. And that will cause them to act out. Basically, the influence of bullying sta rts at home all around. Forecast Main Points In this essay, I will discuss the cause and effect of bullying. It will touch bases on bullying starting at home and how to prevent it. It will also cover the different types of bullying and how books can help children overcome. Lastly, it will talk about how television has an impact on kid’s behavior towards bullying. Evidence It seems that kids that choose to bully others usually come from the influence of their parents. They come from a home where they see their parents fight a lot and or physical punishment is used (Tamanini, et al., 2017). She suggests that parents start taking disciplinary action on their child early. Students tend to also act out due to lack of attention from their parents, so they lash out to seek attention from others. This can include neglected children, children of divorced parents, children who come from homes where their parents abuse the use of drugs/alcohol. Tamanini (2017) stated, â€Å"Early intervention and effective discipline and boundaries truly are the best way to stop bullying, but parents of the victims or therapists cannot change the bully’s home environment† (2017). Espelage, Ryzin and Polanin (2015), studies the distal outcomes including bullying, cyberbullying, homophobic name-calling, and sexual harassment perpetration (2015). Cyberbullying is enga ging in rumor spreading through cell phone and or the internet. Homophobic name-calling is gender-based name-calling such as â€Å"gay’ or â€Å"dike†. And sexual harassment is unwanted sexual commentary or sexual rumor spreading. They used social-emotional programs to address the troubled behaviors and promote academic success. This program is meant to help young kids and teenagers become more self-aware, manage their emotions and build friendship skills. Cordi and Masturzo (2013) believe that students should use fiction and non-fiction books to talk about bullying. It helps students to feel as if they are not alone and put students in safe place. Just by reading fictional books helps them pay attention and question the choices of others. Whether a student chooses a book that is a classic or just a picture book, they can use books as aides in telling their own stories in a digital and audio form (Cordi & Masturzo, 2013). Students became very active using this method that was presented to them and they felt more comfortable.  Television shows surprisingly have a major negative effect when it comes to bullying. Take for example the show â€Å"Survivor†, which has the concept of a last-man-standing elimination game. It encourages people to form alliances to manipulate the other players just to gain their trust. Meanwhile plotting schemes of their own to go against their own alliances. According to Seale (2004), she states, †Å"These shows send the subtle but clear message to our kids that deceit, gossip, and verbal/physical aggression are perfectly acceptable ways to manipulate your social world towards your own personal gain.† (Seale, 2004). In our society, we seem to feed into the gossip, the humiliation or even the conflict. Opposing Argument Although television shows do play a role in children growing to be bullied, I do not agree that that is the only thing they do. Some shows do give out good messages. For example, the show â€Å"13 Reasons Why† talks about a young lady who had been dealing with bullying through-out her high school experience. At the end of the show, she commits suicide. But before she does, she creates 13 tapes where each person has their own tape and she explains how they played a role in why she took her life. The whole lesson of this show was to let young people know that even if you don’t think you are, you can push someone over the edge. Not everyone is as strong as you think. Some show project ways that kids themselves can intervene or even show parents how they can be more involved. Not all television shows are bad influences but still should be monitored.    Conclusion. Bullying seems to be inevitable. But it is not something that cannot be stopped or slowed down. Children and teens seem to get their bullying habits from many different sources. But one that I most agree with is that it starts at home. Parents need to pay more attention to their kids. Monitor what they watch so that media will not be an issue. Although I do know that you cannot keep everything on T.V from them, you can still educate them that what is shown on television is not always meant to be brought into real life. That the things they display aren’t always right. Parents need to also stop neglecting their children so that they will not go and seek attention in an appropriate way. Pay attention to how you act and what you say around them. Because what they learn from you they will unto others. Kids should feel comfortable in their own environment. Non-the less in their own skin. Students tend to see bullying as power. It is highly recommended that parents get involved with their children in bullying programs and become more engaged in the matter. References Cordi, K., & Masturzo, K. (2013). Using literature and digital storytelling to create a safe place to address bullying. Voices from the Middle, 20(3), 21-26. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/1324444987?accountid=27203Espelage, D. L., Low, S., Van Ryzin, M., J., & Polanin, J. R. (2015). A clinical trial of the second step middle school program: Impact on bullying, cyberbullying, homophobic teasing, and sexual harassment perpetration. School Psychology Review, 44(4), 464-479. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/1770814955?accountid=27203Tamanini, K. (2016). How Do We Stop Bullying in Schools?. Psych Central. Retrieved on November 16, 2017, From https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-do-we-stop-bullying-in-schools/ Seale, A., (2004). Divorce Help & Family Divorce Information. Television Bullying and the Role of the Media. p. 9. Retrieved from http://www.keepyourchildsafe.org/bullying/media-television-bullying.html

William Rehnquist, Conservative Stalwart on the Supreme Court

William Rehnquist, Conservative Stalwart on the Supreme Court William Rehnquist was one of the most influential U.S. Supreme Court justices in modern history, a conservative stalwart who dissented with the majority jurists in the Roe v. Wade opinion legalizing abortion and who built a coalition on the bench who sought to limit the power of the federal government. Rehnquist, an appointee of Republican President Richard M. Nixon who was named chief justice by President Ronald Reagan, served 33 years on the high court before dying at age 80 in September 2005. Rehnquist was a Goldwater Republican whose passions were federalism - limiting congressional power and strengthening state powers - and expression of religion. He argued that just because an action is religiously motivated, does not make it consequence-free for society, and should not make it consequence-free, under societys laws. Rehnquist also voted consistently in support of the death penalty and in opposition to gay rights. He often wrote solo dissents in his early years on the bench. Rehnquist may best be remembered for the 5-4 decision in the 2000 presidential election that stopped the Florida recount and propelled George W. Bush into the White House. He was only the second chief justice to preside over presidential impeachment hearings. Heres a look at Rehnquists biggest opinions on the Supreme Court. Roe v. Wade The courts majority held in 1974 that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without legal restriction, based primarily on the right to privacy. Rehnquist wrote  the dissent, in which he noted: I have difficulty in concluding, as the Court does, that the right of privacy is involved in this case. National League of Cities v. Usery Rehnquist wrote the majority opinion in 1976, which invalided federal minimum wage requirements for local and state government employees. This case highlighted the 10th Amendment, which reserves for the states powers not explicitly enumerated elsewhere in the Constitution; this Amendment is the foundation for the states rights movement. Wallace v. Jaffree This 1985 court decision invalided an Alabama law providing a moment for silent prayer in public schools. Rehnquist dissented, contending that the belief that the founders intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state was misguided. Texas v Johnson This 1989 case found flag-burning to be a protected form of political speech under the First Amendment. Rehnquist wrote one of two dissents in this 5-4 decision, saying that the flag is the visible symbol embodying our Nation ... not simply another idea or point of view competing in the marketplace of ideas. United States v. Lopez   Rehnquist wrote the majority opinion in this 1995 case, which declared unconstitutional the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990. The act gave schools a 1,000-foot gun-free perimeter. Rehnquists ruling states that Congress can regulate only commerce - its channels and instruments as well as substantive actions. Kelo v New London In this controversial 2005 decision, the court expanded the power of the Fifth Amendment, saying that local governments may take property for private use because, in this case, there was a plan that promised jobs and revenue. Sandra Day OConnor wrote for the minority, which included Rehnquist: Under the banner of economic development, all private property is now vulnerable to being taken and transferred to another private owner, so long as it might be upgraded - i.e., given to an owner who will use it in a way that the legislature deems more beneficial to the public - in the process.

Dysprosium Facts - Element 66 or Dy

Dysprosium Facts - Element 66 or Dy Dysprosium is a silver  rare earth metal  with  atomic number  66 and  element symbol  Dy. Like other rare earth elements, it has many applications in modern society. Here are interesting dysprosium facts, including its history, uses, sources, and properties. Dysprosium Facts Paul Lecoq de Boisbaudran identified dysprosium in 1886, but it wasnt isolated as a pure metal until the 1950s by Frank Spedding. Boisbaudran named the element dysprosium from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to get. This reflects the difficulty Boisbaudran had separating the element from its oxide (it took over 30 attempts, still yielding an impure product).At room temperature, dysprosium is a bright silver metal that slowly oxidizes in air and readily burns. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife. The metal tolerates machining so long as it isnt overheated (which can lead to sparking and ignition).While most of the properties of element 66 are comparable to those of other rare earth, it has unusually high magnetic strength (as does holmium). Dy is ferromagnetic at temperatures below 85K  (−188.2  Ã‚ °C). Above this temperature, it transitions to a helical antiferromagnetic state, yielding to ​a disordered paramagnetic state at  179  K (−94  Ã‚ °C).Dysprosium, like related elements, does not occur free in nature. It is found in several minerals, including xenotime and monazite sand. The element is obtained as a by-product of yttrium extraction using a magnet or flotation process followed by ion exchange displacement to obtain either dysprosium fluoride or dysprosium chloride. Finally, the pure metal is obtained by reacting the halide with calcium or lithium metal. The abundance of dysprosium is  5.2  mg/kg in the Earths crust and 0.9  ng/L in sea water.Natural element 66 consists of a mixture of seven stable isotopes. The most abundant is Dy-154 (28%). Twenty-nine radioisotopes have been synthesized, plus there are at least 11 metastable isomers.Dysprosium is used in nuclear control rods for its high thermal neutron cross-section, in data storage for its high magnetic susceptibility, in magnetostrictive materials, and in rare earth magnets. It is combined with other elements as a source of infrared radiation, in dosimeters, and to make high strength nanofibers. The trivalent dysprosium ion displays interesting luminescence, leading to its use in lasers, diodes, metal halide lamps, and phosphorescent materials.Dysprosium serves no known biological function. Soluble dysprosium compounds are mildly toxic if ingested or inhaled, while insoluble compounds are considered non-toxic. The pure metal presents a hazard because it reacts with water to form flammable hydrogen and reacts with air to ignite. Powdered Dy and thin Dy foil can explode in the presence of a spark. The fire cannot be extinguished using water. Certain dysprosium compounds, including its nitrate, will ignite upon contact with human skin and other organic materials. Dysprosium Properties Element Name: dysprosium Element Symbol: Dy Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Weight:  162.500(1) Discovery:  Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886) Element Group: f-block, rare earth, lanthanide Element Period: period 6 Electron Shell Configuration:  [Xe] 4f10  6s2 (2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2) Phase: solid Density:  8.540  g/cm3 (near room temperature) Melting Point:  1680  K   (1407  Ã‚ °C, 2565  Ã‚ °F) Boiling Point:  2840  K (2562  Ã‚ °C, 4653  Ã‚ °F) Oxidation States:  4,  3, 2, 1 Heat of Fusion: 11.06 kJ/mol Heat of Vaporization: 280 kJ/mol Molar Heat Capacity:  27.7  J/(mol ·K) Electronegativity:  Pauling  scale: 1.22 Ionization Energy:  1st:  573.0  kJ/mol,  2nd:  1130  kJ/mol,  3rd:  2200  kJ/mol Atomic Radius: 178 picometers Crystal Structure: hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Magnetic Ordering: paramagnetic (at 300K)